Zooskoolcom Work -

Veterinary science has developed pain scales (such as the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale), but these rely heavily on behavioral indicators:

Or a more applied one:

A veterinarian trained in behavioral science does not simply prescribe a sedative. They perform a thorough exam, run diagnostics, and ask detailed questions about the context of the behavior. When does it happen? What changed in the environment? What is the animal's posture during the event? zooskoolcom work