: Subtle shifts in body language, such as changes in lying time or the cessation of play, are rapid active or passive defense responses that serve as indicators of pain and reduced welfare .
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The Bridge Between Behavior and Health: The Evolution of Veterinary Behavior Science : Subtle shifts in body language, such as
For decades, veterinary medicine focused almost exclusively on the physical health of animals—vaccinations, surgeries, and the eradication of parasites. However, as our understanding of the animal kingdom has evolved, so too has the realization that mental and physical health are inextricably linked. Today, the intersection of represents one of the most dynamic and essential fields in modern animal care. The Evolution of Clinical Ethology Today, the intersection of represents one of the