If you are staring at a complex problem in Mukamel, apply this filter:

optics, you hit it with multiple pulses (fields) in specific sequences. The "Dummy" Version:

Mukamel’s (T_1) assumes exponential decay. In reality, molecules fall into dark states, triplets, or undergo conformational changes. Your (T_1) will look like a stretched exponential or a biexponential. The fix: Measure at multiple waiting times (t_2) and watch the 2D peaks change. Mukamel’s formalism handles this, but the practical fit requires a kinetic model.

Nonlinear optical spectroscopy has a wide range of applications, including:

Mukamel for Dummies (Fixed Edition) – From Painful Density to Working Knowledge